1．The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not Up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits Of the heavens，the moon and the planets．

[参考译文] 苹果向下落到地面而不是向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对月球和行星——那些天空中更大的天体所存的疑问。

[结构分析] 这是一个主从复合句，可以•切分为：The fact (that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree)answered the question (he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, )(the moon and the planets)，主句的主干结构是The fact answered the question；第一个括号内that引导的是同位语从句，该从句的主语是the apple，谓语是fell down，and之后是谓语并列结构，有省略现象，补全后应是：and(did)not (fell)up into the tree，toward the earth和into the tree均是介词短语，作谓语fell down的方向状语；第二个括号内是question的定语从句，前面省略了连接词that，about those larger fruits of the heavens是介词短语，作question的后置定语；第三个括号内是并列的名词短语，作前面those larger fruits of the heavens的同位语。该句翻译时应将同位语从句that the apple．．．the tree先译出，再译主句。

[知识链接] fruit of the heavens天体(这里fruit为词汇活用现象)；planet行星。

2．A century ago，Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears．

[参考译文] 一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论，即梦是对我们所不曾意识到的欲望和恐惧的内心深处的反映。

[结构分析] 这是一个主从复合句，可拆分为两段：(A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory)(that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears)，第一段是主句，第二段是that引导的同位语从句，修饰前面的theory；主句中Freud是主语，formulated是谓语，theory是宾语，revolutionary是theory的定语；同位语从句中，dreams是主语，were是谓语动词，shadows是表语，disguised作shadows的定语，介词短语of our unconscious desires and fears作shadows的后置定语，unconscious作desires and fears的定语。

[知识链接] Freud弗洛伊德(1856—1939，奥地利精神病学家，精神分析学派心理创始人)；formulate形成，阐述；revolutionary革命性的；disguised伪装的，深层的；unconscious无意识的，be unconscious of．．．对……不了解，联想记忆：conscious有意识的，be conscious of．．．对……很了解，subconscious潜意识的。

3. And by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of dreams as just "mental noise"—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

[参考译文] 到了20世纪70年代末期，神经学家们转而认为梦仅仅是人们头脑中的噪音——睡眠中进行的神经修复过程中偶然产生的副产品。

[结构分析] 这是一个主从复合句，可看作由两段组成：破折号之前是主句，破折号之后是一个名词短语，作前面mental noise的同位语；主句的主语是neurologists，谓语是had switched to，thinking of dreams是动名词结构，作介词to的宾语，as just“mental noise”是介词短语，作前面dreams的宾语补足语；同位语结构中的主干词是the random byproducts，句末的that从句作前面the neural-repair work的后定语。

知识链接the late 1970s，20世纪?0年代末期；neurologist精神病学家；switch to doing sth．／sth．转向做……；think of．．．as．．．认为……是……；mental noise心理噪音；random随意的，偶然的；byproduct副产品；neural—repair神经修复；goon持续。

4. The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.

[参考译文] 热泵的停用很大程度上是源于对广告商宣传的质疑。他们声称热泵每使用一个单位的电能，就能产生高达两个单位的热能，这显然与能量守恒定律相矛盾。

[结构分析] 这是一个主从复合句，可切分为三大段：(The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims)(that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used,)(thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation)，第一段是主句，第二段是that引导的同位语从句，解释claims的内容，第三段是现在分词短语，作前面provide的结果状语；主句的主语是The use，谓语是has been held back，about advertisers’ claims为介词短语，作skepticism的后定语；同位语结构的主语是heat pumps，谓语是can provide，宾语是two units of thermal energy，as many as为同级比较短语，作two units的定语，for．．．electrical energy为介词短语，与provide…，for．．．构成固定搭配，used是过去分词，作前面electrical energy的后定语，electrical energy used属于名词+过去分词结构。这句话的翻译要点是：that同位语从句单独翻译，而且前面要将claim转化为动词“声称”译出。

[知识链接] heat pump热泵；holdback阻止，停用；largely很大程度上；skepticism怀疑；advertiser广告商；claim声称(这里活译为宣传)；unit(物理学)单位；thermal energy热能；thermal热力的，如：thermos热水瓶，thermometre温度计；contradict与……矛盾，违背；energy conservation能量守恒。

5. One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall.

[参考译文] 一种观点认为工作时间将会持续下降。该观点用于支持以下看法，即就业将继续是主要的工作方式；就业机会将最终提供给所有想就业敝人。

[结构分析] 这是一个主从复合句，可切分为三大段：One argument (used to support the idea)(that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available {or all who want it,)is that working time will continue to fall，括号外的内容是主句，比较简单：One argument．．．is that working time will continue to fall，其中One argument作主语，is是谓语系动词，that引导表语从句；第一个括号内，一定关注used为过去分词，作argument的后置定语，to support the idea是不定式，作目的状语；第二个括号内是that．．．and that．．．引导的两个并列结构，作前面idea的同位语从句，其中第一个that从句的主语是employment，谓体是will continue to be，表语是the dominant form of work，第二个that从句的主语是employment，谓语是will…become，表语是available，介词短语for all who want让作范围状语，实际上，available for已构成固定搭配，参见知识链接，who want it作a11的定语从句，让指代前面的employment。这句话翻译时首先要处理主句，即One argument is that working time will continue to fall，再将后置定语used to support the idea和两个that同位语从句单独翻译。

[知识链接] argument观点，论点；employment就业，联想记忆：employee雇员；employer雇主，老板；unemployment失业；dominant主要的，统治性的；eventually最终；sth．is available for sb提供给某人某物。

6. Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's. own personality and one's life.

[参考译文] 死亡是戏剧化的一次性危机，而老年却是日复一日、年复一年与强大的内外力量抗争的过程，即逐渐认识自我个性和生命的苦乐参半的过程。

[结构分析] 该句可拆分为三大段：(Deathi3adramatic，one-time crisis)(while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces，)(a bittersweet coming，to terms with one's own personality and one's life)，第一、二段是由while连接的两个并列句，第三段是一个动名词短语，作前面confrontation的同位语；第一段中Death是主语，is是谓语，crisis是表语，dramatic，one-time均作crisis的定语，第二段中old age是主语，is是谓语，confrontation是表语，day-by-day，year-by-year均作confrontation的定语，with．．．forces是介词短语，作confrontation的后置定语，powerful，external，internal三词作forces的并列定语，第三段的核心结构是coming to terms with．．．，with引导的介词短语作terms的后定语。该句翻译时要将同位语结构单独作为一个句子处理。

[知识链接] dramatic戏剧性的(来自drama戏剧)；one-time一次性的；crisis危机；while而(表转折)；day-by-day日复一日的；year-by-year年复一年的；confrontation对抗，斗争(源自confront面对)；external外在的，外部的(前缀ex-表“外”)；internal内在的(前缀in-表“里”)，bittersweet苦乐参半的，有苦有甜的；come to terms with…与……相识，了解……，如：He likes to come to terms with celebrities他喜欢结交名人；personality个性。

7. The tragedy of old age is not the fact that each of us must grow old and die but that the process of doing so has been made unnecessarily and at times excruciatingly painful, humiliating, debilitating and isolating through insensitivity, ignorance and poverty.

[参考译文] 老年的悲剧并不在于我们每个人必会衰老直至死亡，而在于这样的过程由于麻木不仁、愚昧无知以及贫困潦倒而有时变得痛苦难耐、备受屈辱、心力交瘁。

[结构分析] 该句的主干结构为；The tragedy．．．is not the，fact that．．．but that．．．，The tragedy是主语，is是谓语，not the fact，but．．．作表语，but之后省略了the fact，两个that引导的从句作the fact的同位语；第一个that从句中grow是系动词；第二个that从句的主干为：the process．．．has been made painful， humiliating， debilitating and isolating。 painful，humiliating，debilitating，，isolating四个形容词作主语the process的补足语；through insensitivity，ignorance and poverty是介词短语作状语，of doing so介词短语作the process的后置定语，so指代前面的grow old and die；unnecessarily and excruciatingly为并列副词，修饰其后的四个形容词，at times是时间状语。翻译第二个同位语从句时要把through介词短语移至前面，这是英译汉常见的变通原则。

[知识链接] tragedy悲剧，联想记忆：comedy喜剧；grow old衰老；unnecessarily不必要的；at times有时；excruciatingly难以忍受地；painful痛苦的(来自pain痛苦)，联想记忆：painless没有痛苦的，毫不费力的；humiliating令人屈辱的；debilitating虚弱的；isolating孤独的；insensitivity麻木不仁(来自sensitive敏感的)，联想记忆：sensible明智的，senseless没有道理的；ignorance无知(来自ignore忽视)，联想记忆：ignorant无知的，be ignorant of．．．对……不了解，ignorance无知，be in ignorance of．．．．对……不了解；poverty贫困。