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【参考译文】玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他承诺在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制。
【真题例句】Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to stop。(2009完形)
【结构分析】本句包含and并列的两个分句。在第二个分句中，主干为one of the things is when to stop。主语things由省略了关系代词that/which的定语从句they’ve apparently learned所修饰，关系代词指代things在从句中作learn的宾语。注意is后的表语使用了when+to+do形式。
【参考译文】许多其他的物种也有学习能力，很显然他们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止。
【真题例句】Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.wise, it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be。(2009完形)
【结构分析】本句主干在逗号后，为it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be，其中宾语部分由what引导的名词性从句充当，what在从句中作表语。句首部分是介宾短语所作的状语，其中包含省略了关系代词that/which的定语从句we’ve left in the dust I.Q.wise，修饰先行词species，关系代词指代先行词在从句中作left的宾语。
【参考译文】这个试验不是去回顾那些被我们划为低智商的物种，而是含蓄在问我们自己智力的真正代价是什么。
7.who/whom和whose引导的定语从句
(1)关系代词who引导的定语从句，该关系代词指人，可以在定语从句中作主语、宾语等。
【真题例句】Hofstader says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise。”(2004阅读4)
【结构分析】本句主干为Hofstader says…，其中says后的宾语由省略了that的宾语从句our country’s educational system is in the grips of people…充当，这是一个主系表结构，其中表语中people后跟一个who引导的定语从句who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children…，关系代词who指代先行词people，在从句中作主语。这里我们注意到此从句的谓语动词proclaim后的宾语由and并列，分别为their hostility to intellect和 their eagerness to identify with children。前一个to为介词，与名词intellect构成介词短语后置作定语，后一个to是不定式短语，对eagerness进行修饰，也是后置作定语，句末的定语从句who show the least intellectual promise 修饰先行词children，在从句中，关系代词who指代children在从句中作主语。
【参考译文】霍夫斯塔说我们国家的教育体系控制在这样一些人手中——他们“得意并挑衅地宣称他们对智商的敌视，以及他们认同那些在智商方面最没有希望的孩子们。”
【真题例句】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems。(2006-46)
【结构分析】本句是复合句。主句为I shall define him as an individual…。定语从句who has elected as…(直到句末)用来修饰先行词individual，关系代词who在从句中指代先行词作主语。在该定语从句中，我们注意到构成“elect…as…”的结构，在此句中翻译为“选择……作为……”。
【参考译文】我将他(知识分子)定义为这种个体：用苏格拉底式的方式思考道德问题，并将此作为自己人生的首要责任和乐趣。
【真题例句】His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006-47)
【结构分析】本句是复合句。主干为一个系表结构His function is analogous to that of a judge，逗号后who引导的非限制性定语从句who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning…修饰先行词judge。在此从句中，宾语obligation后的定语由介宾结构of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning…充当。此介宾短语比较复杂，正常语序应为revealing the course of reasoning in a manner as obvious as possible，这里as obvious as possible作状语，在原句中以分隔结构出现。句末reasoning 由which引导的定语从句which led him to his decision修饰，which在从句中指代reasoning作主语。
【参考译文】知识分子(参见前文)的作用与法官相似，他必须尽义务用尽可能清楚的方式解释自己作出结论的推理过程。
【真题例句】Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will。(2008阅读4)
【结构分析】本句主干为Washington overcame the strong opposition…。两个逗号间为who引导的非限制性定语从句，以分隔结构出现，修饰主语Washington。该从句中，believe的宾语由名词性从句that all men were created equal after…充当，句末的不定式结构 to grant his slaves their freedom in his will作整个句子的状语。
【参考译文】在看到独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现并开始相信人人生而平等后，华盛顿克服了亲属的强烈反对，按照自己的意愿，让他的奴隶们获得了自由。
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