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(2)关系代词指人并构成介词短语，介词提前时，只用whom。
【真题例句】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。(2002阅读4)
【结构分析】去掉句首介宾，本句主干为many acknowledge that…，其中acknowledge的宾语由宾语从句that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients充当。在此宾语从句中，定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修饰先行词patients，由于介词for提前，关系代词使用宾格whom，指代patients与for连接使用作从句中的状语，翻译为“对……而言”。
【参考译文】在另一层面，很多医学界的人承认，协助自杀争议部分是由于病人极度绝望引起的，对他们而言，现代医学延长了他们死亡前的肉体痛苦。
(3)关系代词whose引导的定语从句，该关系代词在从句中表示“某人(先行词)的”。
【真题例句】As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor。(2002阅读2)
【结构分析】本句主干是一个被动语态the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，以but连接的两个由whose引导的限制性定语从句，都修饰先行词gizmos。在第一个定语从句whose presence we barely notice中，whose指代先行词gizmos作presence的定语，二者连用作barely notice的宾语；第二个定语从句whose universal existence has removed much human labor中，whose指代先行词gizmos作universal existence的定语，二者连用作从句的主语。句首的as a result为介词短语作状语。
【参考译文】结果是，现代世界充满了越来越智能化的小玩意，这些小玩意的出现是我们几乎注意不到的，但它们的普遍存在却节省了很多劳动力。
【真题例句】Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care。(2003阅读2)
【结构分析】该句子中，主干为Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates。关系代词whose引导非限制性定语从句whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care修饰先行词scientists，关系代词whose作arguments的定语，指代先行词scientists。从句中的谓语使用了现在进行时，由and并列，分别为are confusing和(are)threatening。
【参考译文】科学家需要对动物权利的倡导者作出有力的反击，因为他们的观点正在迷惑公众，阻碍了健康医疗的发展。
【真题例句】This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own。(2005英译汉)
【结构分析】本句主干清晰，是一个主谓宾结构This entails reducing our dependence…，其中介词短语on the North American作dependence的后置定语。逗号后whose引导非限制性定语从句whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions，修饰先行词North American market，whose作programs的定语，同时指代先行词“North American market”。在该定语中，relate to的宾语experiences and cultural traditions由定语从句which are different from our own修饰，关系代词which在从句中指代先行词experiences and cultural traditions作主语。
【参考译文】这就意味着要减少对北美市场的依赖，因为他们的节目里包含不同于我们的经历和文化传统。
8。关系代词as引导的定语从句，译为“像……那样”。
【真题例句】Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. (2009阅读4)
【结构分析】本句主干在两个逗号之间，为一个比较结构many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s。as引导非限制性定语从句as one clergyman learned…as在从句中作learned的宾语，后又包含一个who引导的定语从句who mocked that…修饰clergyman，关系代词who在从句中作主语，谓语动词mocked后的宾语从句由that引导的从句充当。
【参考译文】与此同时，与戴恩相比，许多定居者并没有那么虔诚，就像一位牧师在遇到海边的人时听到的那样，那些人嘲弄说他们不是为了宗教来到新大陆的。
9。长难句中经常同时包含多个定语从句
【真题例句】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003-62)
【结构分析】我们先注意到第一个that，只是branch前的修饰语，不引导从句。得到主干，一个主系表结构——Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry。关系代词which引导定语从句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors…，which指代先行词enquiry在从句中作主语。介词短语in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that…作方式状语，其中定语从句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena修饰先行词manner，关系代词that在从句中指代先行词作use的宾语。在翻译时，为避免定语部分过长，我们将which从句转译为并列结构，将that从句转译为状语。
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