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天津南开中学名师：辨同义动词先看搭配结构 |
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南开中学 段胜利（南开中学高三英语备课组长，区学科带头人。多年担任高三毕业班教学工作，对不同层次的学生如何高效率、有成效地进行高考备考有深入的研究。）
英语里同义和近义的动词有很多，像hope、wish和expect，receive和accept，allow和permit等等，当它们单独出现时，我们可以通过句子的语境和动词的词义，很容易辨别使用哪一个动词；而当它们同时出现在一个题目的备选项中的时候，对很多同学来说，选择正确的用词就不是那么轻而易举了。
我们不妨先看一下五年高考天津卷单项选择动词辨用部分的试题，你可以试着选一下答案。
1. Her shoes____ her dress; they look very well together. （2008年）
A. suit B. fit
C. compare D. match
2. Lucy has ____ all of the goals she set for herself in high school and is ready for new challenges at university.（2007年）
A. acquired B. finished
C. concluded D. achieved
3. We want to rent a bus which can 40 people for our trip to Beijing. (2006年)
A. load B. hold
C. fill D. support
4. Don’t respond to any e-mails
personal information, no matter how official they look. (2006年)
A. searching B. asking
C. requesting D. questioning
5.—— Julia said she sent you a birthday card yesterday. Have you got it?(2005年)
—— Oh,really!I haven't____my mailbox yet.
A. examined B. reviewed
C. tested D. checked
6.—— Sorry to ______ you, but could I ask a quick question? (2005年)
— No problem.
A. worry B. prevent
C. trouble D. disappoint
7. Happy birthday, Alice ! So you have twenty-one already ! (2004年)
A. become B. turned
C. grown D. passed
在上面的七个题目中，我们看到，suit、fit和match，load、hold和fill，ask和request，examine、test和check，worry和trouble，become、turn、grow和pass等具有相同或相近语义的词出现在选项中，你能又准又快地辨别出来它们使用上的不同吗？
在回答这类动词的辨析，决定选择哪一个词时，我们可以首先从这个词的搭配结构入手，如果搭配没有问题，再考虑词的准确意义。这样，问题就可以迎刃而解。
例如：We can't _____ one to change the habits of a lifetime in a short time.
A. hope B. wait
C. expect D. imagine
答案：C。仔细看一下这个题干，所选择的动词需要有复合宾语的搭配结构，即：…（动词） sb. to do sth.而hope不具有这个结构，它在使用时是hope to do sth.的结构,如I hope to visit the Olympic venues one day；wait如果使用复合宾语结构，要求使用为wait for sb./sb. to do sth.如：The audience were anxiously waiting for the opening ceremony to begin；imagine需要使用动名词即imagine doing，如：I can’t imagine being into space one day。只有expect可以使用复合宾语结构。
又如：— How about eight o' clock outside the cinema?
—That _______ me fine.
A. fits B. meets
C. satisfies D. suits
答案：D。sth. fit sb.通常是指尺寸、大小的适合，如：The new clothes fit me perfect.在这个题目里fit显然不能使用；而meet在这里不搭配；satisfy sb.是使人满意，如：Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does satisfies his boss. 这个题目中satisfy不符合这句话的语境；只有suit表示某事适合某人。
还如：They've_____us ￡150,000 for the house. Shall we take it?
A. provided B. supplied
C. shown D. offered
答案：D。provide和supply的搭配结构是：provide（supply）sb. with sth.如：They provided us with food and clothing. 在这个题目中provide和supply均搭配不对；show和offer的搭配结构是：show（offer）sb. sth.但show是给人看，offer是主动提出。这里只有offer符合题意。
再如：John was late for the business meeting because his flight had been by a heavy storm .
A．kept B．stopped
C．slowed D．delayed
答案：D。这个题目选项上的四个词都可搭配，在这种情况下，要根据题干的语境来选择。前半句was late for the business meeting，说明是到了，只不过是晚点了。由此可以判断出他的航班应当是晚了，因此要选择delay这个词，表示耽搁，推迟。
现在，我们可以反过头来，再看看前面的七个高考题，正确答案是：DDBCDCB，你都辨析对了吗？
需要同学们注意的是，同义和近义动词的辨析虽然是高考每年都要考查的内容，但题目量有限。不要认为考动词，就是考同义辨析。其实，更多的题目是异义动词词义的识别，是简单的认字，和在语境中正确使用的问题。动词的辨析，只要掌握了方法，加强识记，还是很容易跨过这一关的。另外，辨析动词还可以结合语句，将同义和近义动词放在一个句子中来感知区别，例如：
表示“丢失”的lost和missing
When Smith found his precious painting missing, he knew that it was lost forever.
表示“收到，接受”的receive和accept
I’ve received Tom’s invitation to the discussion, but I don’t want to accept it.
表示“认识”的know和recognize
I know Johnson quite well, but when I saw him last night, I could hardly recognize him because he was peculiarly dressed up .
下面还有十个动词辨析的题目，你可以再练再体会辨析同义动词的方法。
1.——How do you ________we go to Beijing for our holidays?
—— I think we’d better fly there．It’s much more comfortable．
A．insist B．want
C．suppose D．suggest
2. On hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine，she ________pale．
A. got B．changed
C．went D．appeared
3. If you are feeling so tired，perhaps a little sleep would _______．
A．act B．help
C．serve D．1ast
4. Hospital staff burst into cheers after doctors completed a 20-hour operation to have _____one—year—old twins at the head．
A．isolated B．separated
C．divided C．removed
5. If anybody calls，tell them I’m out，and ask them to ______their name and address．
A．pass B．write
C．take D．1eave
6. The taxi driver often reminds passengers to __their belongings when they leave the car．
A．keep B．catch
C．hold D．take
7.—— When shall we start?
—— Let’s ________it at 8：30．Is that all fight?
A．set B．meet
C．make D．take
8.—— Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard?
—— No，dear．They don’t well．Put them in the fridge instead．
A．keep B．fit
C．get D．1ast
9.—— Why haven’t you bought any butter?
—— I ________to but I forgot about it．
A．1iked B．wished
C．meant D．expected
10. Have a good rest，you need to _____your energy．for the tennis match this afternoon，
A．1eave B．save
C．hold D．get
参考答案：
DCBBD DCACB
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